Genetic Cloning Essay - 1926 Words

Cloning and the ability to manipulate and modify DNA has increased immensely in recent years. The field of genetic reproduction is creating a variety of unknown social and ethical consequences that are particular to our present time. Such consequences, although unknown now, of the manipulation of nature at such a primary biological level will have disastrous effects on the generations of the future. Cloning as a new science, concerns itself with the replication of organisms through asexual scientific method creating exact replications of the parent cell. However, cloning in the 90s has developed to the point where manipulation of human D.N.A is a very real prospect and many issues surrounding it must be addressed. These issues and the†¦show more content†¦Here it can be seen that the consequences of manipulating nature for our own uses are insidious if not unnecessary. Genetically engineered food products have caused a recent grand reaction of protest in Europe, as many farming communities there have refused to use imported genetically modified food crops that have been developed in America. From cows to potatoes almost all primary food markets have been affected by genetic engineering. America, endorsing such altered flora products does so in the name of conquesting world hunger. Although the evidence of genetically modified food crops, saving the world is scarce especially in third world countries. Ideally, the social potential for genetically modified food products is enormous as the problems of overpopulation can be addressed effectively if the access to such technology is truly made available to the people of the world. Human manipulation of fauna is a precarious field where outcomes are unknown. In more recent developments in the field of ‘cloning’ the case of ‘Dolly’, the genetically cloned sheep in the UK in 1997, evidence since of unknown problems have come to light. Recent scientific analysis (McCall, Yahoo.1999) has shown that the complex outcomes of the manipulation of fauna directly, are totally unpredictable. ‘Dolly’ was cloned three years ago and has apparently developed successfully, until close analysis has shown that in fact dolly has theShow MoreRelatedGenetic Cloning2214 Words   |  9 Pagestechniques in genetic engineering to produce human clones. Up until now genetic engineering and cloning has been used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. This has led to significant advances in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Newer techniques in genetic engineering have enabled scientists to clone more complex mammals and opened up the possibility of cloning humans. Although there are many poten tial benefits to this technology, the prospect of cloning humans hasRead MoreThe Controversy of Genetic Cloning873 Words   |  3 Pages Genetic cloning is one of the most controversial topics of all time. People, specifically scientists, are constantly searching for ways to improve the quality of human life. As a result, they began genetically engineering animals and are currently in search of a method to genetically engineer humans as well; which is called human cloning. There are many reasons why people should not go forward with this step since genetic cloning, consequently human cloning, does not respect nature nor does itRead MoreThe Potential Misuse of Genetic Engineering and Cloning556 Words   |  2 Pagestechnology. Genetics are being experimented which could alter human evolution. This technology, genetic alteration, is close to being used by the public. Cloning is a form of genetic alteration and experimentation. More legislation should be passed to further restrict g enetic experimentation due to the possible misuses of the technology. There are many different forms of cloning. There is cloning in nature which helps with farming and has been around for thousands of year. The cloning of animalsRead MoreThe Controversy Of Cloning And Genetic Engineering Essay2004 Words   |  9 Pagesour limit and Eternity our measurement – Marcus Garvey (1887-1940). Cloning and genetically modifying humans is now more attainable than ever due to strides made by science. With a relatively short history, cloning and genetic engineering have been a new concept for many people in society with the first proof of cloning being dolly the sheep, the first successful clone born by the somatic cell nuclear-transfer procedure [1]. Cloning over the years has evolved and now could be used to someday help peopleRead MoreEthics of Human Cloning and Genetic Engineering Essay1843 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION When the Roslin Institutes first sheep cloning work was announced in March 1996 the papers were full of speculation about its long-term implications. Because of this discovery, the media’s attention has focused mainly on discussion of the possibility, of cloning humans. In doing so, it has missed the much more immediate impact of this work on how we use animals. Its not certain this would really lead to flocks of cloned lambs in the fields of rural America, or clinically reproducibleRead MoreCloning : An Controversial Article Titled Experimental Genetic And Human Evolution Promoting Human Cloning2487 Words   |  10 PagesRohini Krishnan Professor Sara Goering PHIL 242 21st November 2014 Reproductive Cloning Joshua Lederberg’s controversial article titled â€Å"Experimental Genetic and Human Evolution† promoting human cloning, published in the 60’s sparked the widespread debate on cloning that would continue for decades to come. Leon Kass, leader of the President’s council of bioethics and a prominent figure in this debate, engaged in a lively debate with Lederberg where he argued that the â€Å"programmed reproduction ofRead MoreWe Must Educate Ourselves Before Passing Laws Restricting Cloning and Genetic Engineering1936 Words   |  8 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biotechnology and genetic engineering involve the cloning of animal cells and organisms, but they also involve the alteration of an organism in an effort to make it more perfect, whether it is a crop, an animal, or even a human being. Obviously the cloning of humans or the cloning of human cells is much different than the cloning of genetically superior livestock or a better quality, higher yielding fo od crop, and people throughout the world realize this. The cloning of human beings has becomeRead MoreReplicating Genetic Cloning To Produce Red Fluorescent Protein1359 Words   |  6 PagesReplicating Genetic Cloning to Produce Red Fluorescent Protein Introduction: Genetic engineering has been used by scientists to create proteins in different amounts to adapt bacteria and now students will have the chance to learn and replicate different procedures (Amgen Biotech Experience, 2015). One recent discovery was that because of genetic engineering you can release insulin at your own free will through your phone. This was tested on a diabetic mouse that had an implant that was shown withRead MorePros And Cons Of Cloning1106 Words   |  5 PagesCloning is a number of processes that are used to create genetically identical copies of an organism. Researchers have cloned a number of biological materials, such as genes, cells, tissues and whole organisms, including sheep s and horses. Cloning can happen naturally in identical twins, but it can also be done in a lab. (Cloning Fact Sheet). Pros: . Parents with no eggs and sperm can create children that are genetically related to them. . Endangered plants and animals can be cloned to saveRead MoreThe Effects Of Cloning On The World Today? Should Scientists Advance Further Through Experimentation Of Human Cloning?940 Words   |  4 PagesHow has the idea of cloning affected the world today? Should scientists advance further through experimentation of human cloning? Cloning is a generic term that describes the fabrication of a biological material with the same genetic makeup as that of the original or copied material. Mammalian cloning has its benefits, such as the eradication of defective genes (gene cloning), the use of cloning as an alternative infertility treatment (reproductive cloning), and the provision of a companion of sorts

The Beatitudes Of The Bible - 762 Words

The Nursing Beatitudes The beatitudes in the Bible, Matthew chapter 5, are known as the code of ethics for the disciples. It is used frequently as a foundation for medical missionary field work. Large Christian organization as Samaritan’s Purses, Oversea Missionary Fellowship (OMF) and Mà ©decins Sans Frontià ¨res (MSF), known internationally in English as Doctors without Borders, continue to practice and assist worldwide with high ethics and compassion based on the teachings and principles in the Bible. Early History of Advanced Nurse Practitioners In 1860s, Catherine Lawrence and other nurses provided anesthesia for soldiers wounded during the Civil War due to physician shortage (American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, n.d.). These nurses practiced as an advanced practiced registered nurse (APRN) without formal educational program. Nurses worked during the Civil War simply saw the needs to provide assistance to the wounded soldiers, and show compassion to these men during difficult time. Their stories and courage reminds me of Matthew 5:4 (New International Version) â€Å"Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted.† After the civil war, formal advance nurse education was not recognized by the public until 100 years later, and today, there are approximately 267,000 APRNs in the United States according to National Council of State Board of Nursing (n.d.). Christian Mission Organization Nursing continue to evolve since 1860s.Chrisitan mission organization asShow MoreRelatedBible: The Beatitudes in Jesus Sermon on a Mount Essay example1205 Words   |  5 Pagespeople listening of a list of ‘beatitudes’. The beatitudes are the objective of human actuality and the purpose for all our acts. Christ implies that if we live according to the beatitudes that we will experience the happiness of heaven in this life. Each beatitude asks something different of us, some being harder to carry out than others, however, every single one of them is achievable and can be demonstrated on different scales. A modernization of each beatitudes could be done like this. 1. â€Å"BlessedRead MoreEssay on Exegesis of Matthew915 Words   |  4 PagesExegesis of the Gospel according to Matthew Chapter 5:3-12 The Eight Beatitudes In Matthews Gospel, starting with Chapter five verses three through twelve, Jesus tells us of the Eight Beatitudes. These verses are much like The Ten Commandments in nature, but more philosophical:  · Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.  · Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted.  · Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the Earth.  · Blessed are thoseRead MoreThe Beatitudes Is Not Only A Blessing1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe Beatitudes may appear as if they are merely a simple arrangement of blessings, but in reality they are full of meaning and beyond any ordinary passage in the Bible. Every line in the Beatitudes is not only a blessing, but a call for action directed towards the people of Israel. The passage seems to focus on Jesus as he speaks to his disciples and the crowd listening about how they could achieve the righteousness that will create the foundation of Heaven. He is not simply encouraging people toRead More machiavelli Essay880 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes. Machiavelli wrote to gain control of a principality one must be brutal. (I)f you are a prince in possession of a newly acquired state and deem it necessary. . . to annihilate those who can or must attack you. . . . , you must do so to protect your principality. He gave the example of Duke Valentinos slaying of his nobles to maintain order, saying if Valentino had not killed his men, Valentino would have lost power. The Bible strongly forbids the killingRead MoreEssay on Beowulf - Profile Of An Epic Hero586 Words   |  3 Pagesthe 6th and 7th century, England was converting to Christianity. In view of the fact that most of the sayings in Beowulf are Germanic paganistic sayings I believe that since the narrator was Christian, he incorporated many of the sayings to be in beatitude form and that it seems clear that he only referred to one god instead of many which is the ideal way of Paganism. When we first begin to read Beowulf even the description of Grendel as the â€Å"grim demon† has many translated words of a Christian cultureRead MoreThe And God1492 Words   |  6 PagesOld and New Testament over the lapse of this fall semester. Interpreting these books of the Bible aroused a plethora of questions such as what is God like and how is God portrayed to others according to these books? Biblical hermeneutics approach, the topic of the doctrine to understand what is the essence of God by using a number of His individual attributes. Of all of God’s personalities found in the Bible, there are three essential characteristics of the biblical understanding of God. When consideringRead MoreEssay The Sermon on the Mountain1543 Words   |  7 Pagesand Luke 6:20-26, and beatitudes in general, are no different. The Sermon on the Mount, found in Mark 5-7, is generally referred to as the greatest sermon ever preached. Jesus begins His sermon by stating the eight beatitudes, and the passage in Luke 6:20-26 contains a subset of these beatitudes combined with a corresponding set of woes. There are two genres used in this passage. Each of the first four statements begins with â€Å"blessed are.† These statements are called beatitudes and are used commonlyRead MoreThe Differences Between The And Of The People And African American Culture1404 Words   |  6 Pagesand abide by. These morals are preached through The 10 commandments and Beatitudes. The Ten Commandments are eternal gospel principles, which God revealed to Moses in Exodus 20:1–17. Likewise, The Beatitudes are the eight declarations of blessedness, spoken by Jesus at the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 5:3-12. However, despite the fact that we have been given the gift of the 10 Commandments and Beatitudes, it is not unforeseen that due to our free will and sinful nature, manyRead MoreCommunity s Non Profit Mental Health Organizations1678 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorder. Number two and three are the most common beliefs† (Frank Viola, 2013). Although people have a very negative view of this issue, the bible does not say anything specific about mental disorders, but it states that â€Å"we must help the weak and remember 0the words of the Lord Jesus, how he himself said, It is more blessed to give than to receive† (The Holy Bible, Acts. 20-35). This explains that we must help those who need it the most when the opportunity is present since it is what the Lord commandsRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesauthoritative titles in the novel contribute to the tyrannical Gileadean political system by imposing the impression that the Gileadean regime is vindicated by this â€Å"correct biblical order.† In addition to promoting a biblical hierarchy of power, the Bible is twisted and manipulated repeatedly in order to justify the exploitation of human beings to serve the purpose of the Gileadean government. The commanders read the story of Rachel before the Ceremony as a biblical example for forcing certain women

The Importance of Memory Free Essays

The importance of memory What will happen if all human lost their memory? What if we can’t remember anything anymore? Can our society keep running? Can we live? The answer is simple. We can’t live without memory and the modern society will be destroyed. Here I’ll explain to you one by one. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Memory plays a big role in our life. It is the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Everything we see, we do, we think, will goes to memory and transform to implicit or explicit memory. Which will be saved in our brain. We could recall it anytime, even I’m using my implicit memory to type this report. Simply, our daily life is formed by memory, without it, we’re nothing. Why? If we don’t have memory, we can’t learn. Learning requires memory, if we’re unable to learn anything, we can only follow our basic instincts to live such as eating or having sexual intercourse. We’ll be worse than beasts if we live like that. Furthermore, we won’t be able to recognize anything. Somebody doubt that can we still learn from classical conditioning? The answer is no, because we can’t save the conditioned stimulus in brain, we don’t even remember we’re triggered by stimulus. Therefore, we won’t elicit by any conditioned stimulus. So if Pavlov’s dog don’t have memory, the whole theory won’t even exist. Without memory, we’ll lost many of our abilities and skills. Such as, languages, recognition. Unless we record everything we saw immediately and save it in a notebook. If human started with no memory, the modern society won’t be formed. Memory is an important part of what keeps society together, what shapes our culture, and what shapes us as individuals. We will be unable to develop anything. There won’t be revolution, human history can’t go further without memory. Therefore, It’s disastrous if human don’t have memory at all. If we totally without implicit memory, human simply won’t exist. Breathing is an implicit memory. No one taught you to breathe, you just do it when you are born. If we don’t have implicit memory, no human will exist unless ape don’t have to breath. But it’s impossible that all human lost both his explicit and implicit memory, so the above parts is only a imagination. Let’s move on and talk about those people who have memory disorders such as Amnesia and Alzheimer’s disease. Memory disorders hinders the storage, retention and recollection of memories. That means their memory system are malfunctioned. The consequences could be very serious. Assume that i have Alzheimer’s disease, If i forget to lock my car, i i may lost it. If i forget to turn off my gas stove, it may cause explosion and I’ll die. As you can see, If we have memory disorders, we’ll face many troubles in our life, some are even life-threatening. Throw the with or without away, I’m now move on to next point. Which is how memory affect our personality and behaviour. Everyone got their own special personality. Memory has a deep influence on our personality, especially the early memories like your childhood. The best way to learn how early memories affect personality is to look at an example that analyzes someone’s early memories. Here is one early memories of a middle aged man:â€Å"My little sister ate all the sweets in the box then when my mother asked her who did it she said that i am the one who ate them. I felt really angry†. Its clear that this guy has developed the belief that women are evil and that was perfectly aligned with his unexplained fear of the opposite sex. According to individual psychology all of the person’s personality traits, beliefs, behaviour, thoughts and memories can be perfectly aligned to reflect the psychological goals he wants to reach. In the previous example one of the man’s goals was to avoid women not to get harmed by them because he believed that they were evil. When we aligned his current psychological problems, his personality traits with his early memories we were able to see the full picture. Furthermore, there are some movies which can gives you more examples and perspectives, i recommend Frailty (2001), comprehensively explained how a religious fanatic father’s visions lead to a series of murders by his son. To conclude, the importance of memory can’t be measure , a person needs proper memory or he can’t live normally and healthily, a society needs people like this to run or we’ll back to stone age. How to cite The Importance of Memory, Essay examples

Funeral Blues Essay Example For Students

Funeral Blues Essay W.H. Auden wrote Funeral Blues the poem. Wystan Hugh Auden (1907-1973) was born in York, England, and later became and American citizen. Auden was the founder for a generation of English poets, such as C. Day Lewis, and Stephen Spender. Audens earlier works were composed of a Marxist outlook with a knowledge of Freudian Psychology. Later works consisted of professing Christianity, and what he considered increasing conservatism. In 1946 Auden emigrated and became an American citizen. While in America he composed many verse plays, travel memoirs, and Opera lyrics. His last years of life were spent traveling and collaborating works of influential criticism. Funeral Blues Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone,Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,Silence the pianos and muffled drumBring out the coffin, let the mourners come. Let aeroplanes circle moaning overheadScribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead,Tie crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves,Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves. He was my North, my South, my East and West,My working week and my Sunday rest,My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song;I thought that love would last forever: I was wrong. The stars are not wanted now: put out every one,Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun,Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods;For nothing now can ever good. Funeral Blues is a Song poem, in which it has a certain rhythm, or beat, which can be sung to. This poem is called a blues song. The blues were originally music developed by the slaves in the south that spoke of sadness, pain, or a time of loss. Blues songs were traditionally composed of three-line stanzas where the first two lines are identical and followed by a concluding riming third line. However, Auden does not include the three-line stanzas in his poem, and it is written in a freestyle form with the rhyming pattern: AA, BB, CC, DD, EE, FF, GG, HH. Death is the subject of this poem, and becomes clear when Auden says, Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come, . This poems topic has to do with someone close to the narrator dyeing possibly a lover. Auden uses a great deal of imagery in this poem; such as, Tie crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves, where he is talking about making the doves suitable for a funeral. The tone of this poem, the attitude the writer spea ks in, is very depressing and gloomy. For nothing now can ever come to any good, . He is obviously upset about the one that he has lost and is in mourning. The diction of this poem is Modern English with many allusions. He was my North, my South, my East and West, My working week and my Sunday rest, My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song; this quote shows how close the narrator was to his lover, and how the narrator was deeply in love with him. Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun, Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods; . At the end of this poem, Audin personifies the sun, moon, ocean, and woods; he does not see any point in there beauty anymore now that the lover has died, and wants them to pack up and leave. Throughout this poem the narrator also uses other symbols to explain how the good things in life mean nothing now that the lover is dead. Rime and Rhythm I thought that love would last forever, I was wrong: I thought that this poem was very well written. Auden does an excellent job of using both old qualities of blues, and adding in his own ideas. Using a great deal of allusions, imagery, and personification made it easier to understand what he is feeling. Most of the poem was clear except the sex of the narrator, I believe the narrator to be a male, which would make him gay. The reason I believe this is because the poem seems to be written in a more masculine way than feminine. There is no evidence of this, but I feel as though it was a male narrator. The sex of the narrator is not a major concern in this poem, but it an interesting point, especially for the time era it was written in, when homosexuals were considered dirty. Funeral Blues was a great poem with a lot of imagery, which made it easier for you to understand how the narrator was feeling the whole time, and how he thought that without his lover, the world m eant nothing.

Precede or Proceed free essay sample

This data would be used for the purpose of influencing and correct health and behavioral policies, and regulation. 2. ) Choose 2 phases within MATCH. Using these two phases, brainstorm and briefly describe what you would do if you were given the task of developing a nutrition information board at a corporate/company fitness center. The employee ages range from 22-64 years old. The MATCH model, an acronym for Multilevel Approach to Community Health, consists of five phases: goals selection, intervention planning, development, implementation, and evaluation. Focusing on the first phase, goals selection the following goals may be sought in the development of a company nutrition information board: Goals Selection 1. Improve employee health 2. Increase employee productivity 3. Improve work environment Whereas focusing on phase four, implementation, the following activities may be implemented to achieve the goals stated above. Implementation Activities 1. Posting nutrition information boards in all work areas. Create interactive digital nutrition boards 3. Provide employee incentives for healthy diets . We will write a custom essay sample on Precede or Proceed or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) Write 3 objectives for a program of your choice. Utilize your text as well as the internet in your research. Also briefly explain the type of program. Teen Mom Breastfeeding Program Teenage childbearing has been the subject of long-standing concern among the public and policy makers. In 2009 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that teenagers who give birth are much more likely to deliver a low birthweight or preterm infant than older women, and their babies are at elevated risk of dying in infancy. The three following objectives are achieved by teen moms who choose to breastfeed: 1. Reduction in illnesses in breastfed babies compared to babies whose nourishment comes from baby milk formulas; 2. Increase in bonding and closeness of mother and baby, making infants feel greater security, warmth and comfort; 3. Increase in the mother’s oxytocin levels through skin to skin contact with the baby, thereby calming the mother and child. 4. ) What are some ways you could advertise a health fair or expo? List three and briefly describe each. Three ways to advertise a Health Fairs or Expos: 1. Media Advertising, such as local newspaper, radio, internet and television 2. Direct advertising, such as handouts, brochures, church bulletins 3. Health clubs, such as Gold’s Gym, 24 Hour Fitness, Bally’s, Crunch 5. ) List and describe two examples of an evaluation method (example: feedback or suggestion section of a Website). Two examples of evaluation methods: 1. Questionnaires Provide simple and effective tools to collect information from a large number of people. They are used to gather information about the community or the results of a product. 2. Focus Group A small group gathering, conducted by a moderator to collect information from group participants. During the focus group discussion, usually a small group with some shared characteristics, participants are led through a defined series of questions where information that is shared is collected for research purposes. 6. ) Of the five types of diagnoses discussed (social, epidemiological, behavioral, educational, or administrative), what would a focus group be classified as? Briefly explain your answer. A focus group would most likely be classified under educational diagnoses because the purpose of the focus group is to collect data in order to inform needs assessment for understanding and implementing resolutions to problems. 7. ) What is the importance of conducting a needs assessment? A needs assessment is an important part of determining and addressing a current condition by gathering appropriate data and informs the process of developing an effective resolution. If you are trying to determine what health programs could benefit a major corporation that includes individuals aged 30-60 years old, why would an epidemiological diagnosis be necessary? An epidemiological diagnosis, which includes mortality and morbidity statistics and the prevalence and incidence of diseases will help to determine the specific health issues affecting 30 to 60 years olds. The focus of this phase is to identify the health problems and the non-health factors which are associated with poor quality of life. Describing these health problems can help establish a relationship between health problems and the quality of life. IT can also lead to the setting of priorities which will guide your health education programs and show you how to best use your resources. 9. ) Think of an example of how social support can positively influence someone’s health. Briefly describe. Being a part of a social support group where one comes to feel cared for and encouraged is an example of a positive effect of social support. Social support comes from many sources, such as family, friends, pets, organization and even co-workers. Social support may include emotional, financial, and informational support. 10. ) Choose a behavior that you would like to change about yourself. Apply the Health Belief Model and briefly list and describe the six concepts and how they would apply to your situation. Below are the six concepts of the Health Belief Model and how they apply to my failure to give myself a good start by eating breakfast daily: 1. Perceived susceptibility – how likely the problem will happen I fear that I will increase my risk of Type II Diabetes, but my perception is that I will somehow not be affected. Perceived severity – how serious are the consequences of the problem The consequences are ultimately death, but my perception is that it will not happen to me. 3. Perceived benefits – how likely that taking action will reduce susceptibility or severity I understand the perceived benefits would be increased health and that taking the action of eating breakfast daily will reduce my risk of Type II Diabetes 4. Perceived barriers – what things prevent me from taking action I believe that I do not have the time required to prepare breakfast daily. . Cues to action – media campaigns, reminder cards, symptoms Advertisements to eat a healthy breakfast and experiencing symptoms such as fatigue, hunger, increased thrist, blurred vision, and numbness in hands and feet. 6. Self-Efficacy – can I do it? I believe I can do it, and will make it a priority to give myself enough time in the morning to make breakfast daily. 11. ) Visit the Weight Watchers website at h ttp://www. weightwatchers. com/. Review the various types of social networks and social support opportunities they offer. Find two and briefly discuss their details Two types of social networks and social support opportunities provided at Weight Watchers: 1. Group Meetings At group meetings participants weigh in and receive guidance and strategies to weight loss in a supportive and caring environment. 2. On-line WW Friends Group This group is for those people who are struggling to lose weight and need encouragement to help them take the steps to continue to reach their weight loss goals. This is a place to let out your frustrations, insecurities, anxiety, negative feelings.

Pain Hurts More When It Feels Meaningless †Philosophy Essay

Pain Hurts More When It Feels Meaningless – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Pain Hurts More When It Feels Meaningless Philosophy Essay â€Å"All life involves suffering,† the First Noble Truth of Buddhism. Can anyone in this world deny that they’ve suffered? I can’t. Everyone suffers but it is how we deal with our suffering that makes the difference. Sometimes bad things happen in our lives and most of the time â€Å"for no reason (Job 8).† I find it hard to believe in a good and powerful â€Å"God† that would allow bad things to happen to the good, and especially for no reason. â€Å"†¦God has tricked me, and lured me into his trap. I call but there is no answer; I cry out, and where is justice (Job 48)?† If there is a God I don’t think he is either good or all powerful. For me it is easier to think of there being something else in the world that is more powerful than God, or that there just isn’t a God, than to believe in a God that would let young children be rapped and killed, allow slavery, or let there be a world in which some people live in castles and others die of starvation. â€Å"You said, ‘Suffer little children to come unto me, and harm them not.’ You let them go wanting, sit on road shoulders, crying next to their dead mothers. I’ve seen them charred, lame, halt. You forgot, Lord. You forgot how and when to be God (TM 181).† How can a good God allow this to happen? In The Bluest Eye Pecola, being an eleven year old girl with few friends, and not a very loving home, was rapped by her father. Why? Would a good and all powerful God allow this to happen? I don’t think so, I think it is easier to believe in a God who isn’t good, than to believe in a God that would allow this to happen. Kushner asks us, â€Å"Can suffering be educational (Kush 19)?† I suppose in a way it could be, but what did Pecola have to learn? What did Kushner’s own son, dying so young, have to learn? Or is the suffering so those around them can learn something? And is it even possible to justify a young child being rapped or dying so others can learn something? I can’t believe in a God that would allow that to happen. I learn that our children need to be protected, to be loved, but is that lesson worth all the pain? â€Å"I’d rather suffer every unspeakable suffering God sends, knowing that it was I that suffered, I that earned the need to suffer (JB 123).† J.B. would suffer everything God wanted him to suffer if he just knew that he deserved to suffer, that he did something to cause the suffering. But he wouldn’t want someone else, like a young child, to suffer because of him, or for him to learn from it. I feel the same way. If I did something to deserve the suffering then so be it, but don’t let a young child suffer on my behalf when they are so innocent. There is a song by the band Good Charlotte, and some of the lyrics go; â€Å"But we all bleed the same way as you do. And we all have the same things to go through. Hold on if you feel like letting go. Hold on it gets better than you know. Don’t stop looking, you’re one step closer. Don’t stop searching, it’s not over.† It always makes me think about how we all suffer, there is no one who doesn’t, we need support of others to remind us that we can hold on, that one day it won’t hurt so much, and we don’t suffer alone. But we need to keep searching for what it is that is making us hurt so we can face it and maybe relieve it. I think this relates a lot to what Thich Nhat Hanh tells us about the Buddha. â€Å"We must, first of all, recognize that we are suffering and then determine whether its basis is physical, physiological, or psychological. Our suffering needs to be identified (TNH 29).† â€Å"Do we need to name our sins to know the need to be forgiven (JB 125)?† Do we need to know the reason for our suffering in order to eliminate it? To be able to deal with our suffering, we have to identify our suffering, know why in order to get it out of our hearts and lives. In The Book of Job there is a quote that has always stuck with me, â€Å"Can’t he tell right from wrong or keep his accounts in order (Job 73)?† This fits so well with When Bad Things Happen to Good People. Can God not keep track of who in this world is good and should be taken care of, and those that are bad and should be punished? â€Å"†¦because God is a righteous judge who gives them exactly what they deserve (Kush 9).† But did Pecola deserve to be rapped? Did Rabbi Kushner’s son deserve to die at such a young age? Did Lupe, in One Day of Life, deserve to have her family killed because they were fighting for their rights? What could a young, innocent, child do to deserve such a terrible incident, and death? When people are fighting to be free, to live with equal rights, do they deserve to be killed? These are questions I ask myself almost every day, and I can’t answer them. Not without contradicting everything I have ever been taught about God. That God is all powerful, that God is good and just. But if God is good and loving then why do the good suffer? And if God is all powerful, than why do he allow the good suffer? If there is free will in our lives and God doesn’t want to change that then is he really good if he would let his children suffer? If he is all powerful than is he a good God if he chooses not to stop the suffering? â€Å"God has a pattern into which all of our lives fit. His pattern requires that some lives be twisted, knotted, or cut short, while others extend to impressive lengths, not because one thread is more deserving than another, but simply because the pattern requires it (Kush 18).† But this pattern still wouldn’t work, because if God was good then why would he create a pattern in which people suffered for no reason? Ever since I was really able to think for myself I have struggled with so many of these questions. Even know I still can’t really answer them. â€Å"I heard upon his dry dung heap that man cry out who cannot sleep: ‘If God is God he is not good, if God is good he is not God (JB 11).† How can you get more specific than this? It is perfect in explaining God. If he is God than he is not good if he allows all the suffering to occur and if he is good he’s not God, not all powerful, if he can’t stop the suffering. â€Å"Thinking is the speech of our mind. Right Thinking makes our speech clear and beneficial. Because thinking often leads to action, Right Thinking is needed to take us down the path of Right Action (TNH 59).† In order to deal with the suffering around us we need to have the right thoughts about it to be able to act and deal with the suffering in our lives. There is a story about a family with a young boy, who had to have there sick dog put to sleep. They decided to have their son present with them when the dog was put down. Afraid he would be sad and not understand they asked him how he felt about his dog dying. He responded, â€Å"God put people on earth to learn how to love, be kind, and treat people good. Dogs already know how to do this so they don’t have to live as long.† Thich Nhat Hanh tells us, â€Å"When you practice Right View and Right Thinking, you dwell deeply in the present moment, where you can touch seeds of joy, peace, and liberation, heal and transform your suffering, and be truly present for many others (TNH 63).† I think this story fits great with Thich Nhat Hanh in that if you can get past all the suffering than there is joy, peace, happiness, and love in our lives. We can realize that if we think rightly and we can be happy, even if there has been suffering. J.B. says it, â€Å"We have no choice but to be guilty. God is unthinkable if we are innocent (JB 111).† For me God is unthinkable, how can I believe in a God that would allow good, innocent people to suffer? To deal with the suffering in my life I now believe that if there is a God he isn’t all powerful, and that he isn’t good. He is a God that created man, created this world, and just lets us be. Watching from afar, almost like a movie. In the end we are not judge upon our beliefs and understandings, but on how we deal with the problems and suffering in our lives, and how we choose to live. If we can realize that ALL life involves suffering, and find a way to deal with it to help ourselves and others than we have succeeded in life. I have a quote from class, and I don’t remember where it is from but it is, â€Å"the meaning doesn’t lie in the event itself but in our response to it.† How we respond and deal with our suffering is wha t matters, not the events that caused our suffering. â€Å"Pain hurts more when it feels meaningless.† What this class is all about. I don’t know if I could ever think that people suffer for a reason, that there is meaning to anyone’s suffering; that someone deserves to suffer. Is it possible to do something so evil when you are eleven that you deserve to be rapped by your father? Is it possible to have done something so evil, even before you are born, to deserve being born with a terrible disease? What is the possible meaning to this suffering? What good could possibly come out of this for them that would cause them to stop suffering? What meaning is there to find out of being rapped by your father? Pain is pain; it is going to hurt. I don’t think it is always possible to find meaning in our suffering. Life is full of pain and suffering. That is just the way it is. To believe in a God that is good and all powerful isn’t possible. If he was good he wouldn’t allow all the suffering in to world for no reason. If he was all powerful he should stop the suffering. God is an unthinkable God because he is not all powerful and isn’t good. There is suffering in the world because others cause our suffering, but instead of increasing the suffering in the world we need to try and eliminate ours by realizing that pain is a fact of life, there is no changing it. 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Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Essay

Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - Essay Example Global statistic shows that approximately 33.4 million of people are currently live with AIDS/HIV among them are 3.3 million of children. Also, approximately 97% of all patients that have AIDS/HIV are from low and middle income countries. The first cases of AIDS/HIV were detected in 1981. Since that time HIV lead to 25 million deaths all over the world. Therefore AIDS/HIV is the most important health challenge nowadays. HIV related to the lentiviruses from Retroviridae family. This genus of viruses mainly characterizes by their ability to transmit quite huge amount of viral RNA into the DNA of the host cell. Also they can infect non-dividing cells. The main targets for HIV are cells of the immune system such as macrophages that are white blood cells and can protect our organism through phagocytosis from outer dangerous substances; dendritic cells that involve in process of antigen production and presenting on the surface of the T cells; T helper cells that play important role in adaptive immune system and immune responses. (Mayo Clinic,2014) HIV damages CD4+ cells that related to the T helper cells and the amount of such cells rapidly decreased. When level of CD4+ cells is lower than a minimal level cell-mediated immunity stops work properly and does not release phagocytes and cytokines as a response to an antigen. This is quite dangerous process that leads to the extremely high susceptibility of organism to opportunistic infections that are not that dangerous and usually do not cause disease in people with a healthy immune system. (Mayo Clinic,2014)

Law and policy for social work practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law and policy for social work practice - Essay Example 2012, p. 1423). To provide better health and safety services to the children require all stakeholders to work together according to the laid down policies. It is important for the organizations and individuals to understand their roles in protecting and sustaining the interests of the children. Every action and decisions made should also be aimed at achieving the intended outcomes for the benefit of the child and the entire family (Johnson and Cahn, 1995, p. 16). Case Study Rochdale Child Abuse Case: Exploited Girls Faced ‘Absolute Disrespect† In Williams (2012, Rochdale Child Abuse Case) there is a case of an institution that deals with sexually abused adolescent girls in United Kingdom. The institution was faced with a situation in which some young girls were discriminated by the people who were supposed to take care of them. For instance, there were nine guys who had jointly slept with five girls after enticing them with material things and then added drugs in their in their foods (The policy, Ethics and Human Rights Committee. 2012, p.17). However, the protection council assumed that the young girls had submitted to the sexual molesters out of their own accord. Among the council members who were assisting the victims, three of them left their jobs. Most of the cases handled by the Rochdale were not adequately solved as was discovered by a Local Safeguarding Council. On contrary to the reasoning of the Rochdale council, the Crisis Intervention Team believed that the girls were abused by the rapists. Most cases are now transferred to Sunrise group who are presently assisting 106 teenager girls (Williams (2012, Rochdale Child Abuse Case) This case was faced with several quandaries, with one being the inability to distinguish the issue of young girls and those of adult ladies. For example the assumption that the young ladies had contended to sexual performance out of their own accord yet they were below majority age (The policy, Ethics and Human Rig hts Committee. 2012, p.13). These adolescents needed protection of the law under child Act which never happened. Also most of the staff members working with the group had left the organization before the issues were settled. Therefore, there was no one to confess in favour of the victims thereby resulting to injustice of the young girls. Consequently, the justice for the victims was delayed as the team sought for vital information to help them convict the suspects as anyone who have not attained the age of 18 years (Williams (2012, Rochdale Child Abuse Case). The 1989 and the 2004 children Acts refers to a child Section 17 of the Children’s Act 1989 define â€Å"children in need† as those who are not able to achieve a satisfactory level of health or development, those development has been impaired, those who lack service. Under section 17(10) of the Children Act 1989, the disabled are also referred to a children in need (Oxford Journals, 2012, p.1437). The various poli cies set out in the children act 2004, indicates that the child should be health, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution to the society and be able to sustain themselves economically in future. Children need to feel loved, valued, and supported by a chain of individuals who are reliable and shows affection. They also need to feel respected, understood, listened to and to have their emotional feelings being considered and attended to. In the case of Rochdale, the institution neglected children who had been victims of rape

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Research Proposal

Strategic Choice and Evaluation - Research Proposal Example In accordance to this, an evaluation would be made on the new objective conditions as well as the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization. Value Discipline Every business organization must adhere to a certain value discipline in order to succeed. This is actually a principle that the organization must uphold always as it continues to operate. There are three types of basic value discipline from this business may choose from; namely, operational excellence, product leadership, and customer intimacy. While it does not necessarily disregard the both operational excellence and product leadership, this daycare facility puts heavy emphasis on customer intimacy. The organization managing this believes that it is through being in close contact always with the children and their parents could ideas arise regarding the continuous development of the services being provided. Customer intimacy is â€Å"a value discipline based on development and nurturing of customer relationships and the customized delivery of product and service solutions for those customers† (Marks 2002, p. 14). ... Apparently, by adhering to the value discipline of customer intimacy, this daycare business may also realize the operational excellence. It must be noted that in this particular kind of business, the best gauge for the effectiveness of its operation is through determining the level of satisfaction of the children and parents. Unlike other businesses that produce actual commodities, operational excellence here could not be measured by the quantity and quality of products produced at a short time and at the least cost. If the children learn and enjoy during their stay and if the parents appreciate the work that is being done then the operation of the facility may be considered as satisfactory or even outstanding. This organization does not believe that it should strive to be a leader in the daycare business. It possesses the perspective that daycare businesses should not put a premium on competition because this does not have a good effect on the training of the children in general. Ho wever, by striving to practice customer intimacy, it may also develop operational excellence, which should then result in leadership in this particular field of business. The point, however, is that is focus should be more on customer intimacy and the rest would inevitable follow. Generic Strategies Since the daycare facility to be established and operated is still a business, it must maintain its viability not just to generate the desired target profits but also to continue providing services to the community. As pointed out earlier in the mission and goal of this business, although profit is an important concern, the ability to provide service to the children and their working parents share is also a significant aspect. In order to

Spatial-temporal Analysis of Land Market in Urban Fringe

Spatial-temporal Analysis of Land Market in Urban Fringe 1. Research context There is a widespread deem that urbanisation is the outcome of the configuration of modern human society. The 19th century, which assumed to be the era of modernization all over the world, has experienced rapid urbanisation. For instance, urban population has increased from less than 14 percent to more than 50 percent of the worlds population during 1900-2000 and if this growth continues, urban population in the world will arrive at 4.72 -5.00 billion in 2030 (increase of 48.61-57.84 percent comparing to the current population) comparing to 6.835-8.135 billion (18.71 percent) increase in total population and 3.348-3.267 billion (2.42 percent) decrease in rural population. Nevertheless, the devastating situation will be at the developing countries, where the urban population growth is forecasted to be 74.17 percent in 2030 comparing to the current population (Zhang, 2008). Interestingly, maximum of this urban population agglomeration is in largest cities, especially megaciites (Li, 20 03) and these megacities are growing at an unprecedented rate. For example, in 1950 there were only 4 megacities, which increase to 28 in 1980, 39 in 2002; and 59 in 2015 (UN 2002). Then the question arises which criteria define the megacities. Some urban geographers tried to define the megacities based on the global economic power or influence. With the exception of Lo and Yeungs (1998) ‘Globalization and the World of Large Cities, which includes Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Cairo and Johannesburg, and more recently systematic work by Taylor (2000), Lo and Marcotullio (2000), Taylor and Walker (2001) and Shin and Timberlake (2000) much of these works (Friedmann, 1986; Sassen, 2004) have either focused on the developed world or merely mentioned ‘megacities in the developing world (Yulong and Hamnett, 2002). However, an extensive debate has still been going on the definition of megacities. United Nations categorize the megacities with population of 8 millions while Asian Development Bank extends the population limit to 10 million along with other characteristics such as complex economy and integrated transport system. Thus, discussion takes into account the ‘population greater than 10 millions as an indicator of megacities. According to the World Population Report 2001 by UNFPA, currently there are 19 megacities such as Tokyo (26.4 millions), Mexico City (18.1 millions), Mumbai (18.1 millions), Sà £o Paulo (17.8 millions), Shanghai (17 millions), New York (16.6 millions), Lagos (13.4 millions), Los Angeles (13.1 millions), Calcutta (12.9 millions), Buenos Aires (12.6 millions), Dhaka (12.3 millions), Karachi (11.8 millions), New Delhi (11.7 millions), Jakarta (11 millions), Osaka (11 millions), Metro Manila (10.9 millions), Beijing (10.6 millions), Reo de Janeiro (10.6 millions) and Cairo (10.6 millions). Still there is a controversy about the geographical extent of these megacities. Even some of these megacities are growing on forming the urban corridors (Tokyo-Yokohama-Nagoya-Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Shinkansen in Japan, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan in northeastern China; and the Mumbai-Pune development corridor in India) and urban mega-clusters (national capital Region of Delhi, Dhaka, and Metro Manila; Karachi mega-urban region, Bangkok-Thonburi metropolitan region, and Jakarta-Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi region). This continuing growth of megacities is now the burning research topic of the policy makers as well as international communities (Renaud, 1981; UN, 1993) and different policies are already been applied to counterpart this rapid urbanisations in megacities such as China, Egypt, Brazil, Korea, Mexico, and China have promoted different promotional programs (e.g. dual track urban system) for patronizing the medium size cities in their respective country level (Henderson, 2002; Ades and Glaeser, 1995). Still a comprehensive strategy needs to be initiated in order to counterpart the unprecedented rate of urbanisation and urban agglomeration. 2. Overall aim and objectives The overall aim of the thesis is to determine the economic value of land at the urban fringe of a megacity in developing country. Based on the aim, the objectives are categorised into two broad areas theoretical objectives and empirical objectives. Theoretical objectives To examine the extent of influence of urbanisation process, and land acquisition and speculation, by both the public and private sectors, on the dynamics of urban agglomeration or urban sprawl. To examine the changing urban spatial patterns of the megacites due to sprawl and to explain them within the framework of different urban growth theories. To examine the nature, characteristics, and dynamics of urban land and the land market within which land assembles, urban renewal, gentrification and development has taken place. To identify different spatio-temporal econometric methods for determining land price. Empirical objectives To develop an economic instrument, considering both spatial and temporal aspects of land, for understanding the dynamics of the land price at urban fringe of a megacity in developing country To determine the extent of influence of environmental attributes on the price of urban-rural interface lands. 3. Methodology In order to attain the objectives, the research will be carried out by following the comprehensive methodology, the structure of which is given below: The detail of the methodology and structure of the chapters to attain the objectives is given below: Objectives Methodology Organizati-on of chapters Objective 1: Definition of urbanisation and urban agglomeration; reasons; challenges; trend of urbanisation in developed and developing countries; growth pattern of different hierarchy of urban settlements; socio-economic, political and physical characteristics of urban settlements; economic, institutional, and political factors of rural-urban migration; government policies and urban politics in the context of urbanisation and urban agglomeration; concept, nature, characteristics and dynamics of megacities; spatial pattern of megacities; cases and consequences of rapid urbanisation and urban space challenges especially in megacities. Literature review of journal, books and reports of different organisations working on urbanisation and urban agglomeration Chapter 2 Objective 2: Urban land economic theories (such as classical theories, neo-classical theories, new economic geographic theories, and new institutional economic theories) in the context of urbanisation and urban agglomeration Literature review of journal and books Chapter 3 Objective 3: Dynamics of urban land market, urban land politics, actors of urban land politics, contemporary urban land regulatory mechanisms and their acceptability in different contexts, planning mechanisms for controlling land conversion or development at the urban fringe, land acquisition process, government strategy for land ceiling standard and land speculation, actors controlling the land market, impact of land use change on the wetlands and agricultural lands at urban fringe and challenges for attaining sustainability. Literature review of journal, books, reports of different organisations, and government policies, strategic plans, rules, and regulations. Chapter 4 Objective 4: Different types of spatio-temporal econometric methods for determining the land price at urban fringe Literature review of journal and books. Software for Spatio-temporal autoregressive analysis Chapter 5 Objective 5: variables or attributes explaining land market at urban fringe, compatible econometric instrument for drawing the equation of land market at urban fring Application of spatio-temporal econometric model for regression analysis Chapter 8 Objective 6: economic valuation of environmental attributes and its influence on the land market at urban fringe 4. Theoretical framework Various factors are attributed to the urbanisation in megacities such as rural-urban migration (Goldstein, 1990; Chan, 1994a,1994b; Rempel, 1996; Ma, 1999), natural population increase and even the government policies (Lo, 1994; Sit, 1995; Lin, 2004; Bloom et al., 2008) on foreign direct investment (Sit and Yang, 1997; Shen, 1999; Shen et al., 2000), expansion of tertiary industries (Lin, 2002) and economic transition (Gu and Wall, 2007). This section explores the reasons behind the urbanisation and urban agglomeration in megacities, and spatial patterns of megacities. Economic development There is a significant positive correlation between the economic development and urbanisation (Henderson, 2003), which can better be explained by the hypothesis of Williamson (1965) (Hansen, 1990). Due to the economic development of the city, the significant amount of industries are concentrated within the city core and this upshots in development of knowledge, skills, and economic infrastructure which leads to development of physical structures such as transport and communications. This physical development make obligatory to the investors or manufacturers to recalculate the cost-benefit analysis of the geographical locations of their industries taking into account the external and internal economies of scale- resulting in urban expansion or deconcentration of industries from the urban core (El-Shakhs, 1972; Alonso, 1980; Wheaton and Shishido, 1981; Junius, 1999; Davis and Henderson, 2003; Barro and Sala-I-Martin, 1991, 1992; Kuznets, 1966; Abramovitz, 1989; Easterlin, 2000). This a rgument is vivid by reviewing different literatures on the economic growth and urbanisation in megacities (Aguilar and Ward, 2003; Firman, 1997; Fanni, 2006). However, the basic assumption of urbanisation is the rural-urban migration. According to the western economists, urbanisation/ rural-urban migration is the resultant of increase in the productivity of agricultural sector and the increasing demand for labour needed by an expanding industrial sector. This economic model was adopted for the western economics, which was later tried to adopt in the urbanisation pattern of the third world countries by Lewis (1994). Nevertheless, the increasing rural-urban migration, despite the high unemployment and underemployment situation in urban areas of developing countries, raises the question of its validity. Later on, comparative evaluation of expected wage rates between urban and rural (by Harris-Todaro migration model), and present value of expected benefits and costs (by Sjaasted migration model) were identified as the key economic factors of urbanisation process. Brueckner and Zenou (1999) and Brueckner and Kim (2001) have incorporate the effe cts of land price escalation due to the migration within the Harris-Todaro model. Furthermore, classical economists (e.g. (Gordon, 1975; Petty, 1683; Yang, 1991; Yang and Rice, 1994; Sun, 2000; Sun and Yang, 2002; Zhang and Zhao, 2004) and neo-classical economists (e.g. Fujita-Krugman, 1995; Helpman, 1998; Lowry, 1966) try to project the ‘division of labor and production, and ‘economies of scale as the basic economic prerequisite of urbanisation respectively. Government policies and urban politics After the economic development, the next significant characteristic of urbanisation in megacities is government interventions or policies (Renaud, 1981; Ades and Glaeser, 1995; Moomaw and Shatter, 1996; Henderson and Becker, 2000; Davis and Henderson, 2003) by sometimes prioritizing the megacities over other cities during decisive policymaking (Fujita et al., 1999). This may cause because of their political significance and interest of the elites and bureaucrats (such as in Bangkok, Mexico City, Jakarta, and Paris, Sà £o Paulo). For promoting economic development in the megacities, the government (either national or local) of concerned countries sometime has taken promotion strategies such as in Shanghai, China (Cai, 1995; Han, 2000; Fu, 2001); Jakarta, Indonesia (Firman, 2000; Goldblum and Wong, 2000; Henderson and Kuncoro, 1996; Kaiser, 1999); Manila, Philippines (Kelly, 2003; Bankoff, 1996; Sidel, 1999); Mumbai and Delhi, India (Valerie, 1999); Cairo, Egypt (Sutton and Fahmi, 200 1); and even in London, Paris and New York (Lever, 1997; Short and Kim, 1999; Tickell, 1998).. However, the impact of dynamic government polices on urbanisation and urban agglomeration is most acute in China such as ‘Socialist Economic theory based urban-biased Hukou system during the ‘pre-reform period (Oi, 1993; Naughton, 1996; Zhang and Zhao, 2004; Chan, 1994a, 1996; Gu and Shen, 2003; Sit, 1995; Harrison, 1972; Murphey, 1974; Ma, 1976; Nolan and White, 1984; Prybyla, 1987; Kirkby, 1985; Kang, 1993; Chan, 1994b; Liu, 1999; Ma and Fan, 1994; Buck, 1981; Parish, 1987; Ofer, 1977; Konrad and Szelenyi, 1977; Ronnas and Sjoberg, 1993; Sjoberg, 1999; Kirkby, 1985; Kang, 1993; Chan, 1994b; Solinger, 1999; Lieberthal, 1995; Fallenbuchl, 1977; Zhang and Zhao, 1998; National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2000; Konrad and Szelenyi, 1977; Ofer, 1977, 1980; Musil, 1980; Murray and Szelenyi, 1984), especially in China (Cell, 1979; Orleans, 1982; Whyte, 1983; Ran and Berry, 1989; Ebanks and Cheng, 1990; Yu, 1995; Tang, 1997; Song and Timberlake, 1996; Lin, 1998; Dong and Putt erman, 2000). Later on, ‘post-reform policy also boosted the urbanisation by encouraging the foreign and private investments in megacities (Banister and Taylor, 1989; Shen and Spence, 1995; Shen, 2002; Shen et al., 2006). However, the national or local government is not solely responsible for urbanisation, urban development as well as urban expansion. Then the question is: Who runs the cities? Government interventions or policies in the urban strategic planning for political significance and interest of the elites and bureaucrats are proverbial in the cities of both developed and developing world (Renaud, 1981; Ades and Glaeser, 1995; Moomaw and Shatter, 1996; Henderson and Becker, 2000; Davis and Henderson, 2003). This is why; urban theorists are focusing on urban politics rather than on economic attributes in formulating state policies for urban development (Sites, 1997; Cockburn, 1977; Castells, 1979; Stone, 1993; 1998). Nevertheless, the influence of urban politics in urban planning priorities in different parts of the world is very complicated because urban politics are viewed from different perspectives. State-centred perspective argued for key role of government, autonomy of the state or the lo cal state and pre-eminence of political attributes in strategic planning (Steinmo, 1989; King, 1995; Thornley, 1998; Evans et al., 1985; Gurr and King, 1987), while coalition politics (Stone, 1987, 1989, 1993; Sites, 1997; Elkin, 1987; Harding, 1994; Gurr and King, 1987; Turner, 1992; DiGaetano and Klemanski, 1993; Orren and Skowronek, 1994) argued for public-private partnership for implementing planning strategies because either for the vulnerability of local government in inter-city economic competition or for the division of labour. This is why; various urban theorists (Park and Burgess, 1925; Dahl; 1967; Wirth, 1969; Jacobs; 1969; 1984; Saunders, 1983; Rae, 2004), who tried to entangle urban politics within their own theories, either failed or misinterpret the urban planning practices. The basic controversy of urban politics lies within two distinct definitions of community power (Polsby, 1980; Harding, 1995; Judge, 1995) power within communities and the power of communities (Harding, 1997). The first is concerned with ‘social production and ‘power to while the latter on is with ‘social control and ‘power over (Stone, 1989). ‘Power within communities, also known as ‘urban regime prompts integration or political coalition of civic groups and public institutions (Dowding et al. 1999; Shefter, 1985; Elkin, 1987; Stone and Sanders, 1987; Mollenkopf, 1992; Turner, 1992; Di Gaetano and Klemanski, 1993; Davies 2001, 2003; Stone, 1989, 2002, 2005; Peck and Tickell, 1995) at different levels of intensity and clarity (Stone, 2005) for economic development and physical regeneration or gentrification (Harding, 1997; Elkin, 1987; Stone and Sanders, 1987; Stone, 1989) and urban growth machines (Molotch, 1976, 1990; Logan and Molotch, 1987; Mo lotch and Logan, 1990). On the other hand, ‘power of communities is more concerned about the acting power of the actors rather than coalitions and is defined by elite and pluralist theories. Beyond the community power debate, another significant factor of citys strategic planning is the politics of globalization (Harding, 1997), which strengthens subnational autonomy and declines national importance (Ohmae, 1993). This can be elucidated by evaluating the role of business sectors on the local civic life of US and European cities. For instance, business-sectors of US cities are remarkably organized, who have strong influence on land ownership and land use planning, taxation and revenue distribution, private credit and public borrowing (Stone, 2005), election campaigns of local as well as national political leaders (Elkin, 1987) and resulting in they are within the governing system. Furthermore, the weaker capital investment by local government has persuaded for effective regime (Davis, 2003). Encouraged by the successful history of urban regime in US, Thatcher government took an ambitious initiative to install this US policy within new dimension of urban regeneration partnerships in UK (Berger and Foster, 1982; Boyle, 1985; Ward, 1996; Wolman, 1992) without resolving three questions What will be the role of development coalitions in the city politics as a whole? What types of private-sector act ivities will lead business-sector involvement in the coalitions? How can the activity balance between public and private sector be achieved? (Harding, 1997). Furthermore, some urban scholars attempted to exploit the regime concept in the European contexts (Vicari and Molotch, 1990; Harding, 1994; Kantor et al., 1997; Di Gaetano and Klemanski, 1999; Mossberger and Stoker, 2000; Zhang, 2002). The US policy was not possible to adopt in the UK context because of the powerful role of central government in the urban politics (Thornley, 1998), lack of bargaining power of urban government, reluctance of local business actors in coalitions (Peck and Tickell, 1995; Davis, 2003). This is why; the attempt has been resulted in different collaborative mechanisms, which were explained by different theories such as Rhodes and Marsh (1992) model of policy network analysis by Stoker and Mossberger (1994), integration of regulation and regime theory by Harding (1994) and Lauria (1997). Urban politics in the context of developing countries (e.g. Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) are almost similar to the politics of UK rather stronger role of national government and local government. Either military government or monarch or autocrats reined most of these countries throughout the major portion of their history after independence and they have a close tie with the business elites and bureaucrats. Eventually, the business elites and bureaucrats are influencing the urban policy agendas behind the scene. Nevertheless, the context of socialist China is quite complicated, which can be categorized within pre-reform era (before 1978) and post-reform era (from 1978 till today). Urban politics during the pre-reform period was solely contracted by the national government. After the reform policy, the national government had decentralize their economic and political powers among the local government and influential actors. H owever, the interesting thing is that ‘a clever fox is hiding inside the reform policy by controlling the property ownership, leaving the economic burden to the local government, strongly linking the vertical tie at the government level. Locational economies of production and class segregation The urbanisation of a city can be a consequence of social division of labour and industrial diversification (Harvey, 1973; Henderson, 2002; Scott, 1986; Weber, 1899; Haig, 1927; Allen, 1929; Perrin, 1937; Florence, 1948; Wise, 1949; Lampard, 1955; Hoover and Vernon, 1959; Hall, 1962; Tsuru, 1963; Sjoberg, 1965; Thiry, 1973; Webber, 1984). This can better be conceptualized by considering vertical and horizontal integration and disintegration of production and labor forces. In case of vertical and horizontal disintegration, the industries or firms try to be concentrated within the core region of a city because various economies of scales (Coase, 1937; Holmes, 1986; Richardson, 1972; Scott, 1983; Pye, 1977) and this was obvious at the earier stage of megacities of developed countries such as New York, London and Paris. On the contrary, when the vertical and horizontal integration of firms or products is strong both in spatial and temporal aspects, geographical expansion of city are more likely to be happened because of internal and external economies of scale (Scott, 1980; Brook et al., 1973; Gilmour, 1971; Abernathy et al., 1983; Piore and Sabel, 1984). Moreover, urbanisation in megacities is dependent on the type of products such as gold and diamond in Rio de Janeiro, coffee in Sà £o Paulo, manufacturing industries in Seoul, tertiary activities in London, Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo (Duranton and Puga, 2001; Waley, 2009; Mukherjee, 1990; Banerjee, 1985; Glaeser et al., 1995; Lee and Kang, 1989; Lee et al., 2007; Godfrey, 1999). Locational preference Most of the megacities are located at the coastal areas[1] because of their strategic geographical location which offer the advantages of trade, communication, and living environment (Godfrey, 1995; Vance 1990). Presently, 60 percent (nearly 3 billion people) or half of the worlds population lives within 100 km or 60km of the shoreline respectively (Yeung, 2001; Hinrichsen, 1990) and it is estimated that this population will be doubled within the upcoming 30 years among which coastal megacities will contribute the lion share of population (Li, 2003). Furthermore, the number of coastal megacities will be increased to 36 from the existing 16 at the year of 2015 of them 30 will be in developing countries and 22 will be in Asia (Kullenberg, 1999). Sometimes policy makers prepare the economic development plans giving prime focus on the coastal cities (Yeung and Hu, 1992) because it is comparatively less perilous to promote economic development plans in coastal cities because of its good a nd cheap communication and already established structures and physical infrastructures. On the other hand, capital cities get also locational advantages because of the center of institutions, organizations, information and culture such as Beijing (Yulong and Hamnett, 2002), Metro Manila (Cuervo and Hin, 1998), Delhi, Dhaka, and Jakarta. Colonial influence Most of the megacities were under the different European colonies such as British, Spanish, French and Portuguese. Historically, European colonials developed these megacities for their defensive and trade functions. For example, apprehension about French incursions, the Portuguese founded Rio de Janeiro in 1565 (Godfrey, 1999); before Spanish era (1521-1898), Manila was the entry-port of Chinese, Indians and Arabian merchants (Cuervo and Hin, 1998); Bombay, Calcutta and Madras are trade oriented port cities due to British colonial legacy; New York was used as commercial center by the Portuguese colonial. Land speculation and real estate development Land conversion is a normal part of urban development in both developed and developing world (Pierce, 1981; Lockeretz, 1989; Tsai, 1993; Winoto, 1996; Kustiwan, 1997; Yeh and Li, 1999; Grigg, 1995). Nevertheless, land speculation by real estate developers has been observed at an alarming rate in Mexico City, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Jakarta, Metro Manila and megacities of developing countries (Deng, et al., 2008; Arcadis Euroconsult, 1999; Leaf, 1991, 1993; Akbar and Subroto, 1999; Firman, 2000; Bouteiller and Fouquier, 1995; Goldblum and Wong, 2000). Spatial pattern of urbanisation in megacities Megacities had grown to become primate cities at the earlier stage of urbanisation (Parai and Dutt, 1994; McGee and Greenberg, 1992). Megacities now present more polycentric spatial expansion of urban centers and sub-centers following a network pattern that tends to sprawl along major highways and/or railroad lines radiating out from the urban core (Aguilar and Ward, 2003). However, megacities have passed over four stages of urbanisation urbanisation, suburbanisation, counterurbanisation and reurbanisation (Champion, 2001; Van der Berg et al., 1982; Klaassen et al., 1981; Schweitzer and Steinbrink, 1998) ‘cyclic model. In case of ‘urban centre hierarchy, the consecutive phases of urbanisation can be illustrated as a diffusive wave of differential urbanisation (Pacione, 2001; Geyer and Kontuly, 1993) ( 5). The first phase (U) explains the concentration of population in the central city due to rapid rural-urban migration, while the second phase (S) shows an increasing population at its urban periphery and decreasing population at the central city. Third phase (D) shows decreasing of population both in central city and urban periphery and the final stage shows increasing of population at both locations. The first phase (U) explains increasing population in Primary city and intermediate city but decreasing population in the small cities. In the second phase of counterurbanisation (C), reversal situation of first phase is happening after a certain time. In the final, changing rate of net migration is falling down in case of all size of cities. However, the population of primary city will continue to growth for a certain time thereafter it will fall. On the other hand, the population of intermediate city will reach to the optimum level while population of small cities are still growing. Megacities in Latin America Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Santiago, and Sà £o Paulo are in suburbanisation stage because of the continuation of heavy concentration of production activities and population in the urban core and expanding towards sub-urban areas or fringe areas (Farà ­a 1989; Sassen 1994; Pereira 1967; Caldeira 1996; Aguilar and Ward, 2003; Gwynne, 1985; UNCHS, 1996; Aguilar, 1999a and 1999b; Campolina 1994; Parnreiter, 2002; Ward, 1998; Vance, 1990). There is different argument about the urbanisation stage of Latin American megacities such as Townroe and Keene (1984) and Gilbert (1993) claim that megacities of Latin America are in counterurbanisation stage as the secondary city growth is underway with a polycentric urban form suggestive of polarization reversal with the growth of intermediate sized cities leading to a more balanced national urban structure. Megacities of Southeast Asian are also in suburbanisation stage because of the fusion of urban and rural functions that is a mix of rural and urban activities in peri-urban areas and known as extended metropolitan region (desakota) (Gingsburg et al., 1991; McGee and Robinson, 1995; Firman, 1996; Forbes, 1997; Murakami et al., 2005). However, Beijing is still quite monocentric, and its CBD continues to contain a large share of the metropolitan areas total employment, largely because of the centrality of various urban amenities, and because of the concentration of government activities in Beijing (Zheng and Kahn, 2008). On the other hand, other megacities of China Shanghai and Guangzhou are shifting their urban spatial pattern from monocentric form to polycentric form. Lagos of Nigeria is still in urbanisation stage and there are no evidence of meta-urban or peri-urban development (Briggs and Mwamfupe, 2000; Yeboah, 2000) rather city growth is contained within clearly defined boundaries. Megacities in Western Europe and United States are the stage of reurbanisation (Antrop, 2000, 2004) such as Paris (Sallez and Burgi, 2004; Cavailhes et al., 2004), New York (Godfrey, 1995; Preston and McLafferty, 1993), and London (Bendixson, 2004). 5. Research Timeframe for initial 9 months Activity schedule Time Frame Oct- 09 Nov- 09 Dec- 09 Jan- 10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 June-10 Conceptualization Discussion on the context, key features and material sources of the research Chapter 1: Theoretical framework on the contextual terminologies on urbanisation and agglomeration Chapter 1: Fixation of aims and objectives, and development of methodology and research structure Preparation and presentation of 100-days viva Chapter 2: (objective 1) Literature review Chapter 3: (objective 2) Literature review 6. Research Timeframe for 3 years Activity schedule Time Frame 2009 2010 2011 2012 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Conceptualization Discussion on the context, key features and material sources of the research Literature Review stage Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Empirical stage Sample size formulation Primary data collection Secondary data collection Data verification, editing and input Chapter 6: Methodology Chapter 7: Data analysis Chapter 8: Objective 5 and 6 Evaluation and conclusion Chapter 9: Findings Chapter 10: Recommendations and Implementation guidelines Chapter 11: Conclusion Final presentation and submission 7. References Abernathy, W. J., Clark, K. B., and Kantrow, A. M. (1983). Industrial renaissance: Producing a competitive future for America. New York: Basic Books. Abramovitz, M. (1989). Thinking about Growth: And Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ades, A. F., and E. L. Glaeser. (1995). â€Å"Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban Giants,† Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 195-227. Aguilar, A G (1999a). â€Å"Mexico City growth and regional dispersal: the expansion of largest cities and new spatial forms,† Habitat International 23(3), 391-412. Aguilar, A G (1999b). â€Å"La Ciudad de Me ´xico en la Region Centro. Nuevas Formas de la Expansio ´n Metropolitana†. In: Transiciones. La Nueva Formacio ´n Territorial de la Ciudad de Mà ©xico, (eds.) J. Delgado and B. RamÄ ±Ã‚ ´rez, pp. 147-169. Programa de Investigacion Metropolitana-UAM, Plaza y Valdez, Mexico. Aguilar, A. G., and Ward, P. M. (2003). â€Å"Globalization, regional development, and mega-city expansion in Latin America: analyzing Mexico citys peri-urban hinterland,† Cities 20 (1), 3-21. Akbar, D. B., and Subroto B., 1999. â€Å"Northern bandung area development† Unpublished Paper, Department of Regional and City Planning, Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesian. Alonso, W. (1980). â€Å"Five Bell Shapes in Development,† Papers of the Regional Science Associations, 45, 5-16. Antrop, M., (2000). â€Å"Changing patterns in the urbanized countryside of Western Europe,† Landsc. Ecol. 15, 257-270. Antrop, M. (2004). â€Å"Landscape change and the urbanisation process in Europe†. Landscape and Urban Planning, 67, 9-26. Arcadis Euroconsult, 1999. â€Å"Land aquisition and development control† Final Report, National Planning Agency and Land Development Agency, Jakarta. Banerjee, N. (1985). Women Workers in the Unorganized Sector: The Calcutta Experience. Hyderabad: Sangain Books. Banister, J., and Taylor, J. R. (1989). â€Å"China: surplus rural labour and migration,† Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 4(4), 3-20. Bankoff, G. (1996). â€Å"Legacy of the past, promise of

The Hippie Culture Essays -- American History cultural Hippies Essays

Many generations have come and gone, and many have made an impact on American life. The Sixties were definitely one of those generations that left its mark in history. The people of this generation didn't follow the teachings of their elders, but rejected them for an alternative culture, which was their very own (Harris 14). This new subculture was such a radical society that it was given it's own name which is still used to this day. They came to be known as the Hippies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hippie movement originated in San Francisco, California and spread across the United States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe (World Book), but the Hippie movement had its greatest influence in America. During the 1960's a radical subculture labeled as Hippies stunned America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. All Hippies were young, from the ages of 15 to 25(Worldbook). The young hippies split from their families for various reasons. Some rejected the idealistic views of their parents', some just wanted to free themselves from society's current norms, and others were simply outcasts, who could only fit in with the Hippie population. Most Hippies came from wealthy middle class families. Some people would say that these youngsters were spoiled and throwing their lives away, but to the Hippies this was the way of life and no one was going to tell them different. Hippies came from all over with various backgrounds to congregate in San F rancisco on the corner of Haight Street and Ashbury Street, where the world got its first glimpse of this peculiar sub group. This corner which lies in the very center of San Francisco came to be known as the Haight Ashbury District.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was a tour bus that ran through the Haight- Ashbury District area in San Francisco called the Gray Line. The tours promotional brochure contained the statement: "The only foreign tour within the continental limits of the United States" (Stern 147). The Hippies were so different that the significant people in the city didn?t like the idea of a large hippie community growing in their city. In the years of 1965 and 1966 the Hippies took over the Haight Ashbury district (Cavan 49). There they lived and spread their psychedelic theme through out the whole area. In the Haight Ashbury district there were two parks where the hippies would hang out, Golden Gate Park and Buena Vista Par... ...and failed after a few years. Hippies still fought for racial equality. Finally when the 1960's were over new laws were put into action helping racial equality which would not have happened without the Hippies. During the 1960's a radical group called the hippies shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. No movement in our history defines a culture change more accurately than the hippie movement in the 60?s. They had their own laws, music, clothes, and writings. The view of what a society should be was common among all hippies. Their ideas were big all throughout the late 60?s and early 70?s. The effects of the hippie movement are still felt to this day, and to this day there is still large hippie population in America . Works Sited Cavan, Sherry. Hippies of the Haight. St.Louis: New Critics Press, Inc., 1972. Harris, Nathaniel. The Sixties. London: Macdonald Education Ltd., 1975. "Hippies" WorldBook Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Stern, Jane and Michael. Sixties People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990. This Fabulous Century. New York: Time-Life Books, 1970. Clark, M. "LSD and the Drugs of the Mind." Time 9 May 2011.